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data/blog/install-and-setup-arch-linux.md
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---
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title: 安装并配置 Arch Linux
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date: '2022-10-17'
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tags: ['Arch Linux', '环境搭建‘, 'VPS']
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draft: false
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summary: 又到了新装 Arch Linux 的日子了。这次又是温故而知新的机会,把之前写的笔记稍微整理了一下,在这里记录下教徒搭窝的备忘录。
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images: ['https://pan.ivanli.cc/api/v3/file/source/2238/archlinux-logo-light.png?sign=bWxqFFy3RUDT5UsWb4UD5byt-_L4h79wede3runRKFc%3D%3A0']
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---
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## 起势
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首先,通过 SSH 以 `root` 用户连接服务器,然后修改 `root` 密码:
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```bash
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passwd
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# 输入两次你的新密码
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```
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## 重装系统
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为了避免 IDC 提供的系统镜像有加料、后门、老旧等问题,拿到服务器后第一件事是重装系统。 Arch Linux 是我的第一选择。
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借助 felixonmars 的 [vps2arch](https://github.com/felixonmars/vps2arch),我们可以将绝大多数的 Linux 系统转换成 Arch Linux 🎉。
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```bash
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wget https://felixc.at/vps2arch
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chmod +x vps2arch
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./vps2arch
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```
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等待几分钟就完成了。如果是中国大陆境内的机子,建议全局代理或使用自定义的系统镜像源。可以从[这个网站](https://archlinux.org/mirrorlist/?country=HK&protocol=https&use_mirror_status=on)获取镜像地址。地址上有查询参数,可以根据自己需要修改。
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如果系统装不上,可以在 IDC 面板上重装其他系统后再试,推荐使用 Debian。
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脚本执行完成后,按脚本提示执行下面的命令重启设备,密码将被保留:
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```bash
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sync ; reboot -f
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```
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重启时,SSH 会断开连接。因为新系统的 SSH 主机指纹会变化,所以需要忘记旧指纹:
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```bash
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ssh-keygen -R <remote-host>
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# example
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ssh-keygen -R '[20.20.20.20]:20000'
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```
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之后重新连接 SSH。
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## 基本配置
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设置主机名:
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```bash
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sudo hostnamectl set-hostname arch.example.com
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```
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启用 pacman 并行下载:
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- 编辑 `/etc/pacman.conf`
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- 取消 `ParallelDownloads` 前的注释,值为并行下载数
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## 常用环境安装
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我的常用环境如下:
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- 一个自己的账户
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- Git
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- Yay
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- Zsh
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- Docker
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- TailScale
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### 创建账户
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安装 `sudo`:
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```bash
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pacman -Sy sudo
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```
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创建账户:
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```bash
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useradd -m ivan
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passwd ivan
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usermod -aG wheel ivan
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```
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给刚刚创建的账户分配一个具有 sudo 权限的账户
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```bash
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EDITOR=vim visudo
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```
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找到 `%wheel ALL=(ALL: ALL) ALL` 这行,取消这行的注释。
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现在,你自己的账号具有 sudo 权限了,接下来切换到自己的账户连接终端吧。
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### Git
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需要手动安装:
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```bash
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sudo pacman -S git
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```
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### Zsh
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[Zsh](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/zsh) 是一个不错的终端外壳(Shell)。
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使用 `pacman` 安装:
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```bash
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sudo pacman -S zsh
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```
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如果你想执行交互式的初始化配置,可以输入下面命令进入 zsh 并开始初始化配置,否则不要执行下面的命令:
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```bash
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zsh
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```
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接下来安装我常用的插件:
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```zsh
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sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://git.io/zinit-install)"
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echo 'zinit load zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting
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zinit load zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions
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zinit load ael-code/zsh-colored-man-pages
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zinit load agkozak/zsh-z
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zinit ice depth=1; zinit light romkatv/powerlevel10k' >> ~/.zshrc
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```
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#### zsh-z
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一个快速跳转目录的插件。
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避免优先匹配到子目录,在 `.zshrc` 中添加如下行:
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```zsh
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# zsh-z
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ZSHZ_UNCOMMON=1
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ZSHZ_TRAILING_SLASH=1
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```
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#### History
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配置历史记录,在 `.zshrc` 中添加如下行:
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```zsh
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HISTFILE=~/.zsh_history
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HISTSIZE=10000
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SAVEHIST=1000
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setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY_TIME
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```
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详细配置参考:[Better zsh history | SoberKoder](https://www.soberkoder.com/better-zsh-history/)
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文档:[zsh: 16 Options](https://zsh.sourceforge.io/Doc/Release/Options.html)
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### Docker
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安装 Docker 和 Docker Compose 也很简单:
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```zsh
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sudo pacman -S docker docker-compose
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# 启动
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sudo systemctl start docker
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# 启用
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sudo systemctl enable docker
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# 添加当前用户到 docker 组
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sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
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# log in to a new group
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newgrp docker
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```
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## 安全配置
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### 禁用 SSH 密码登录
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修改 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`,找到 `PasswordAuthentication`,改为 `no`。
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然后重启:
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```zsh
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sudo systemctl restart sshd
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```
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### 使用 Fail2Ban
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安装:
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```zsh
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sudo pacman -S fail2ban
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```
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复制配置文件:
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```zsh
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sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.{conf,local}
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```
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编辑配置文件,找到 `[sshd]` 块,并添加 `enabled=true`,(**不是解除注释**):
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```zsh
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sudo vim /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
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```
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```text
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[sshd]
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enabled = true
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```
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启动 fail2ban
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```zsh
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sudo systemctl start fail2ban
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sudo systemctl enable fail2ban
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```
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查看状态:
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```zsh
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sudo fail2ban-client status
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```
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## 写在最后
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大功告成,现在又拥有了一个崭新的 Arch Linux 系统了。后面有机会的话,我得把这些配置脚本化,不然天天配也是有点蠢,哈哈。
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